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1. That if any person shall write, print, utter . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government . . . then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.

Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798 Transcript Courtesy of the Avalon Project at Yale Law School Based on the above excerpt, which statement explains an effect of passage of the Sedition Act?

A Public criticism of government was prohibited.

B It became more difficult for new immigrants to vote.

C The president gained new powers to deport foreigners.

D The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was protected.

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2. The following excerpt describes the weak economy of North Carolina during the

early 1800s:

Cotton is now almost the only article which bears transportation. But . . . even

cotton will not long remain a source of profit in our present manner of

[transportation]. The states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee,

Louisiana, together with the Arkansas . . . are yearly filling up more and more with

an enterprising population, who are pressing their production of cotton to a [large]

extent. They possess navigable rivers, and they are acting upon the same policy of

internal improvement as has been prosecuted by other states.

James Mebane and Dennis Heartt, August 1, 1828

Courtesy of Documenting the American South, UNC Library

Which obstacle did many North Carolinians believe prevented economic growth in

North Carolina during these years?

A The cotton of North Carolina was of lower quality than the cotton of other

southern states.

B The North Carolina government imported cotton and other goods from

neighboring states.

C The soil in North Carolina was inadequate for the farming of high-profit crops

like cotton.

D Government leaders failed to support investment in infrastructure like roads & railroads.

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3. A Declaration of Rights made by the Representatives of the Freemen of the State of North Carolina. Section I. That all political power is vested in and derived from the People only. Section II. That the people of this State ought to have the sole and exclusive Right of regulating the internal Government and Police thereof. N.C. Constitution, Declaration of Rights, 1776 Courtesy of Documenting the American South, UNC Library

Which democratic ideal summarizes this excerpt from North Carolina’s original constitution?

A federalism

B rule of law

C separation of powers

D popular sovereignty

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4. The consequences of a speedy removal will be important to the United States, to individual states, and to the Indians themselves. The pecuniary advantages which it promises to the government are the least of its recommendations. It puts an end to all possible danger of collision between the authorities of the general and state governments on account of the Indians. It will place a dense and civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few savage hunters. By opening the whole territory between Tennessee on the north and Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites it will incalculably strengthen the southwestern frontier and render the adjacent states strong enough to repel future invasions without remote aid. It will relieve the whole state of Mississippi and the western part of Alabama of Indian occupancy, and enable those states to advance rapidly in population, wealth, and power. President Jackson’s Message to Congress On Indian Removal, December 6, 1830 Source: National Park Service

Based on the excerpt, which democratic rights and freedoms were being denied to American Indians?

A privacy and free speech

B property and sovereignty

C free speech and assembly

D religious and political freedom

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5. All bills shall be read three times in each house and shall be signed by the presiding officer of each house before being presented to the Governor. If the Governor approves, the Governor shall sign it and it shall become a law; but if not, the Governor shall return it with objections, together with a veto message stating the reasons for such objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, which shall enter the objections and veto message at large on its journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration three-fifths of the members of that house present and voting shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections and veto message, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered; and if approved by three-fifths of the members of that house present and voting, it shall become a law notwithstanding the objections of the Governor. North Carolina Constitution, 1971. Article II, Section 22.

Which democratic ideal is represented in this excerpt?

A limited government

B separation of powers

C popular sovereignty

D trial by jury of peers

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6. A single assembly, possessed of all the powers of government, would make

arbitrary laws for their own interest, execute all laws arbitrarily for their own

interest, and [decide] all controversies in their own favor.

“Thoughts on Government” by John Adams, 1776

Courtesy of TeachingAmericanHistory.org

Which democratic ideal does Adams promote?

A equality under the law

B private property rights

C separation of powers

D popular sovereignty

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7. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

only one branch of government - the legislative

one vote per state

no authority to regulate foreign and interstate commerce

lack of standard currency

no executive branch to enforce laws

no national court system to protect individual rights

no power to raise an army

unanimous vote required for amendments to the Articles

How did conflicts that developed from weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation

affect the political development of the United States?

A They increased the power of the state governments.

B They accelerated the possible development of a monarchy.

C They prevented the government from developing a republic.

D They required the creation of a stronger national government.

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8. The question you read next will require you to answer in writing.

Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power,
jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to
the United States, in Congress assembled. . . . The said States hereby severally
enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense,
the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare.
Articles of Confederation, 1777
Evaluate the degree to which the democratic ideal of states′ rights is evident in the
Articles of Confederation. Use one detail from the excerpt above to support your
position.